Prof. Marcos Tadeu expande pesquisas a países de Língua portuguesa

Historia de España Resumen de la historia española de los romanos en tiempo real, a través de la Inquisición y la bandera española y el arte. DeliciousPinterestStumbleUpon Lee la versión inglesa La Historia de España es una de las historias más apasionantes que se pueden encontrar. El mundo moderno no se puede comprender sin la intervención española. España es un pequeño territorio en el extremo más occidental de Europa que ha tenido una historia diferente al resto de países del continente por muchos motivos. A lo largo de la historia de España, ésta ha sido meta de diversos Imperios: Cartagineses y romanos se la disputaron, los árabes la conquistaron; y después, los reyes cristianos iniciaron el imperio más grande del mundo con el descubrimiento de América, que llegó a su cénit con el rey Felipe II: desde las islas Filipinas a América, uniendo los territorios de España y Portugal, Flandes, Italia y algunas zonas de la actual Alemania. A partir de este momento comienza una decadencia económica y política con guerras exteriores y guerras civiles. Las independencias de los territorios de América y la pérdida de Cuba, Puerto Rico y Filipinas, estos tres últimos en las puertas del siglo XX, son lo que han perfilado el mundo tal y como lo conocemos hoy. En los enlaces siguientes podréis conocer algo más sobre el papel que España ha representado en el “teatro” de la Historia Universal. Descubre la historia de España. Artículos relacionados La Isla Fantasma de San Borondón La Constitución Española La Bandera Española Galeones Españoles Archivo General de Indias El Reino de León La Movida Madrileña Revolucionarios Latinoamericanos Leyendas de Granada Historia de Madrid La Segunda República Española Los Borbones Las Glosas El Imperio Español Democracia en España Hernán Cortés Inventos y Descubrimientos en España La Batalla de Lepanto La Moneda Española La España Prerromana Cristóbal Colón Guerra Hispano-Estadounidense Siglo de Oro en España Edad Media en España Guerra Civil en España Inquisición en España 1492: El Descubrimiento de América El Califato de Córdoba Esculturas Prerromanas Ibéricas Los Guanches Adolfo Suárez El MEH en Burgos El Imperio Español El Imperio Español - Historia de EspañaEl Imperio español era una superpotencia y el primer imperio global en el siglo 16, que comprendía territorios administrados por España en todo el mundo. DeliciousPinterestStumbleUpon Lee la versión inglesa Tras la muerte de Fernando II de Aragón (Fernando V de Castilla) en 1516, las coronas de los reinos de Castilla, Aragón y Navarra y la del Reino de Nápoles fueron heredadas por su nieto Carlos. Además, como descendiente directo de la dinastía austriaca de los Habsburgo, Carlos I de España pronto asumió el poder en Austria y los Países Bajos. En 1519 fue elegido Emperador del Sacro Imperio como Carlos V, asegurando a partir de entonces la corona imperial para la Casa de Habsburgo. Esta gloriosa cumbre sería seguida por un periodo de interminables guerras que drenaron las riquezas de España y consumieron cuantiosas sumas de oro y plata de las colonias americanas. En el ámbito religioso, Carlos V puso todo su empeño en contener la Reforma Protestante y declaró proscrito a Martín Lutero. En el terreno militar, apoyado por Enrique VIII de Inglaterra llegó a capturar a Francisco I de Francia en la Batalla de Pavía en 1525, obligándolo a firmar el Tratado de Madrid mediante el cual renunciaba a sus ambiciosas pretensiones en el norte de Italia. Diez años más tarde, en el momento álgido del esplendor otomano, Carlos V derrotó a Solimán el Magnífico en Túnez, hecho que marcó el inicio del declive de los turcos. Carlos V abdicó en 1556, dividiendo sus posesiones entre su hijo Felipe II, que heredó la mayor parte de sus dominios, y su hermano menor Fernando, que se quedó con Austria y la corona imperial. La rama española de los Habsburgo, conocida en España como la Casa de Austria, obtuvo de este modo dominio sobre la mayor parte del imperio. Ese mismo año, Carlos V ingresó en el monasterio de Yuste (provincia de Cáceres, en Extremadura), donde murió en 1558. Bajo el reinado de Felipe II se libraron más guerras en Europa, incluyendo una contra Inglaterra. La Armada Española no fue capaz de conquistar Inglaterra y la “invencible” fue derrotada y destruida en 1588. Felipe II no fue un político tan hábil como su padre, pero mucho menos lo fueron sus herederos Felipe III y Felipe IV. La muerte de Carlos II, que reinó (por decir algo) desde 1661 a 1700 marcó el final de la dinastía de los Habsburgo en España. Felipe de Anjou (Felipe V), nieto del rey francés Luis XIV fue coronado Rey de España, una decisión que hizo estallar la disputa sobre el equilibrio de poder en Europa arrojando a España, Francia, Inglaterra y Austria a la Guerra de Sucesión Española. La firma del Tratado de Utrecht (1714) y el Tratado de Rastatt (1715) pusieron fin a la guerra y para España supuso la pérdida de Flandes, Luxemburgo, el Franco Condado, Milán, Nápoles, Sicilia, Cerdeña, Menorca y Gibraltar. The Spanish Inquisition Spanish InquisitionThe Spanish Inquisition was established in 1478 as a court for the detection of heretics, although its true purpose remains somewhat obscure. Learn more! DeliciousPinterestStumbleUpon Read the Spanish version The Spanish Inquisition was established in 1478 as a court for the detection of heretics, although its true purpose remains somewhat obscure. While most historians point to a combination of political, economic and religious motives, the latter were certainly predominant. The notorious hatred between Jews and Christians led the inquisitors to believe that their actions actually saved Jews from the hideous fate awaiting them in the underworld; since the Jews were dying at the hands of God's children, their spirits would be pervaded by the wisdom and knowledge of God's followers, and they would therefore be spared from hell and rise to heaven. Of course, this is unconceivable today, but 13th-century inquisitors who had only received a religious education were guided by blind faith. The Spanish government and its religious officials proclaimed the need for a pure and unified Spanish-Christian race, forbidding intermarriage between Christians or converts and Jews, which would destroy their ideal of purity of blood (limpieza de sangre). Following this ideal the Jews were either killed or driven out of the country, although when the Spanish Inquisition was finally suppressed in the early 19th century, many thousands of practicing Jews were still living in Spain. The political justification for the Spanish Inquisition was the existence of a threat to the monarchy. The Spanish Christians (Christianity was the most widespread faith) were outraged at the Jews for a variety of reasons, most of them religious, and saw the Spanish Inquisition as a means of controlling the Jewish population, removing the actual source of the problem. Finally, in financial terms, 13th-century Spain was not a prosperous land. Continued warfare in Spain and Italy, not to mention the conquest of Granada, had drained the country's resources. Both the monarchy and the government feared a public outcry if such signs of weakness became obvious, especially in view of the increasing wealth and power of the Jewish community, overtly successful, some of whose members enjoyed greater social prominence than Spanish Christians. The government would soon turn to the Spanish Inquisition in search of an instrument capable of restoring the balance; the execution of hundreds of thousands of Jews was at once a form of revenge and a way of acquiring money and possessions at a stroke. Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus BiographyChristopher Columbus was a Spanish-Italian navigator who initiated European exploration and colonization of the American continents. DeliciousPinterestStumbleUpon Read the Spanish version Explorer and navigator, Christopher Columbus was allegedly born in 1451 in the Republic of Genoa; modern day Italy. As a teen, the young man experienced his first sailing expeditions in the Mediterranean and Aegean seas. Columbus would also be part of a sailing exercise that brought him to the island of Khios, modern day Greece. This would be the closest Christopher Columbus would ever get to India or Asia. During Columbus´s first voyage on the Atlantic, 1476, the commercial fleet he was with was attacked by French sailors off of the coast of Portugal. His ship was burned and Columbus was forced to swim ashore. The sailor settled in Lisbon and married Felipa Perestrello, the two had one son, Diego, in 1480. Columbus would eventually move to Spain after the death of his first wife. With Beatriz Enriquez de Arana in 1488 Columbus had his second son, Fernando, out of wedlock. By the late 1400s Columbus began lobbying for finance to take men and ships to discover a route to India and Asia via an un-interrupted eastward passage. Columbus argued the circumference of the Earth to be effectively shorter, 63% the actual size. Contemporaries of Columbus however argued the circumference to be 25,000mi, while the actual circumference is 24, 901.55mi and a bit shorter at the poles, 24,859.82mi. Columbus was first rejected for funding for a 3-ship fleet by Portugal, then again by Genoa and Venice. Finally, the explorer arrived on the doorstep of the Spanish monarchy of Isabella of Castille and Ferdinand of Aragon in 1486. However during this period of Spain´s history (711-1492) the Muslims dominated the attention and finances of Spain´s government for the re-conquest. Columbus would have to wait until monies were freed up or the war came to an end. A solution came to Columbus in January 1492 when the last Muslim stronghold in Granada was captured. With the momentum of victory, the royal court decided to finance Columbus. He was outfitted with the Santa Maria, the Pinta, and the Niña. In August of 1492 Columbus set sail from Spain´s coast and was at sea for 36 days until landing on a Bahamian island in the Caribbean Ocean, claiming it for Spain. Columbus would travel between Spain and the Americas several more times to try and fulfill King Ferdinand with the gold and riches he promised. Columbus did bring back potatoes, tomatoes, and corn to Europe which became staples and helped increase European populations. Likewise, coffee from Africa and sugar cane from Asia became booming cash crops in Latin America. Columbus's legacy is a mixed one due to the illness and disease that spread to the New World via ship rats, i.e., small pox. However, as a result of the Spanish influence in Central and Latin America, Spanish evolved to become the dominant language of the hemisphere. Spain´s Modern Age and subsequent Golden Age are also considered to have begun from the momentum of exploration of Spain that started with Columbus. 1492: Spanish Conquest of America Spanish Conquest of AmericaThe Spanish Conquest of America. In the 15th century Christopher Columbus began the conquest of America and was the first coming to the Americas in 1492. DeliciousPinterestStumbleUpon Read the Spanish version In the 15th century Christopher Columbus, who was well-read in geographical and theological literature and had extensive maritime experience, believed he could steer a westward course across the Atlantic to Asia. Failing to gain support for his project in Portugal, he decided to move to Spain, where politically favourable circumstances and good fortune led the Catholic monarchs, Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon, to approve the venture. Columbus set forth commanding three small ships, and after a long drawn-out journey landed on the coast of a Caribbean island. Thus commenced the Spanish conquest of America. The widely published report of the 1492 voyage granted Christopher Columbus widespread European recognition, and secured him the title of Admiral of the Ocean Sea. More importantly, it enabled him to obtain further royal patronage and thus lead three more expeditions to the Caribbean (although Columbus continued to believe that he had reached Asia). The Azteca and the Inca empires in Mexico were conquered by Spain in the 16th century, while the terrotory that would eventually became the US was explored by Hernando de Soto and Cabeza de Vaca. The later travelled extensively through eastern and central United States, arriving at modern day Chicago, and during three years hoped to cross the sea to China, considered to be the finest market in the world. His journey from Florida to the Mexican Gulf is described in the logbook Naufragios, which also recounts his experience of shipwreck. He and other five men had been living as natives in Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. Early in 1536 they came across Spanish soldiers on a slave expedition in Northern Mexico, and by July they had arrived in Mexico City. Mexican territory was conquered by Hernán Cortés. The Aztec people believed Cortés to be their white-skinned god Quetzalcoatlin, a belief which facilitated the Spanish conquest. The Spanish fleet had landed in Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz in February 1519, and by the month of November, commanded by Cortés, they entered Tenochtitlán and arrested the Aztec Emperor, Moctezuma. Within two years Cortés had completely overthrown the Aztec Empire, securing control of Tenochtitlán and its surrounding territories, upon the ruins of which he would build Mexico City. In 1532 the Inca Empire was conquered by Francisco Pizarro, whose men kidnapped Emperor Atahualpa in exchange for a ransom of gold and silver; once the ransom was paid, however, Atahualpa was murdered. The Middle Age in Spain Spain in the Middle AgesSpanish History in the Middle Age. Find out information about the Spanish Middle Age such as Goths, Arabs & Reconquest. DeliciousPinterestStumbleUpon Read the Spanish version Led by Ataulf (412) the Visigoths left Italy and marched into southern Gaul, from where they crossed the Pyrenees into northern Spain. The conquest of Spain was completed by King Euric (466-84), under whom Visigothic power attained maximum splendour. Toledo became the new capital of the kingdom, from which point on the history of the Visigoths would be essentially linked to that of Spain. After being weakened by warfare with the Franks and the Basques, and by Byzantine penetration in southern Spain, in the late 6th century the kingdom recovered its vigour under kings Leovigild (568-586) and Recaredo (586-601), whose conversion to Catholicism favoured the unification of the Visigothic and the Hispano-Roman communities in Spain. Visigothic common law was imposed around the year 654 by King Recceswinth (653-672) upon Gothic and Roman subjects alike. The church councils of Toledo became the main force in the government, and royal power was accordingly undermined. Civil war ensued, following which Recceswinth's successor King Wamba (672-680) was deposed. The next few years would be rife with civil disturbances, and when the throne was seized by the last king, Roderick (known as Don Rodrigo) in 710, his rivals appealed to the Muslim leader Tarik ibn Ziyad. The battle near Medina Sidonia won by the Muslims in 711 signalled the end of the Visigothic kingdom and inaugurated the Moorish period in the history of Spain. Under the tolerant spirit of the Arabs Spain's prosperity flourished. Arab laws entitled the Christians to religious freedom, employment at court, public office, and military service. One third of the twelve thousand men forming the select and splendidly equipped guard of the Moorish caliph were in fact Christians. Nonetheless, some church leaders taught their congregations that religious tolerance was sinful. When Spain was first conquered, a number of Gothic nobles who had been too proud to submit had retreated to the northern regions of Cantabria and Asturias, taking sacred relics (supposedly the sudarium or holy shroud originally from Palestine and deposited in Toledo) with them. Determined to establish their own kingdom, these Christians chose a secluded spot in a mountainous area, surrounded by chestnut woods and rapids, where they founded a sanctuary. The cathedral in Oviedo that preserved the sacred relics would attract pilgrims from all over Europe, as well as discontent Christians fleeing from Moorish rule in other Spanish towns. Spiritual and temporal powers were united in the figure of the Caliph of Cordova, Commander of the Faithful, who, unlike other caliphs, owed no obedience to the Turkish guards or Mamelukes. The custom of naming a successor from an extensive progeny provoked numerous court intrigues, as a result of which the caliphate broke up into small independent kingdoms (reinos de taifas). The continual feuds between these realms marked the onset of Christian 'reconquest'. The first successful plundering forays into Muslim territories were followed by the storming of castles, which were then garrisoned as Christian troops prepared to advance by land. They advanced steadily throughout the 9th century, arriving at the Douro and the Ebro rivers around 850. At the end of the 11th century they had reached the Tagus river at Toledo, under the banner of the national hero, El Cid (a Christian knight also known as El Cid Campeador, The Lord Champion), and by the 13th century the only kingdom still in Moorish possession was that of Granada. However, Granada would remain under Arab rule for a further two hundred years, for reasons similar to those explaining earlier Christian success. The rivalry between Portugal, Aragon, Leon and Castile was greater than their distrust of the last Moorish kingdom. Moreover, Granada was a peaceful and culturally tolerant region, and despite the differences in language, religion, and domestic institutions with regard to Christian territories, the manners and outlook of its peoples were similar. Although a cavalry of knights and a highland infantry staunchly defended Granada, the kingdom finally fell to Christian troops in 1492, bringing eight centuries of relentless warfare to an end. The marriage of the Catholic monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella had managed to unite all the crowns of Spain, which could once again proclaim itself a Christian land. King Boabdil, stopping on the Cuesta de las Lágrimas (Hill of Tears), is supposed to have looked down for the last time on the city and the beautiful grounds of the Alhambra palace, its rose gardens and the cypress trees guarding the Muslim tombs. Legend has it that his mother reproached him for weeping as a woman for the kingdom he had not defended as a man. He then rode down to the coast and crossed the sea to Africa, which would be invaded by Christians a short time later. Spain Before the Romans History of Spain. Recent studies of the Atapuerca archaeological site have proven the ancient origin of the first people to have settled in Spain. DeliciousPinterestStumbleUpon Read the Spanish version Recent studies of the Atapuerca archaeological site, one of the oldest in Europe, have proven the ancient origin of the first people to have settled in Spain. One of the theories explaining the origins of the Basques suggests they descended from prehistoric Cro-Magnon man, whose cave-paintings have been preserved at Altamira. Eastern and Central Europeans, who moved to Spain in search of a milder climate, were the predecessors of the Iberians, who would in turn intermingle with Celtic invaders. Due to the country's mineral and agricultural wealth, and to its strategic position protecting the Strait of Gibraltar, Spain had been known to other Mediterranean peoples from a very early date. Thus the Phoenicians crossed the strait as early as the 9th century BC, founding colonies in Andalusia, chiefly at Cadiz and Tartessus (possibly the lost city of Tarshish mentioned in the Bible). The Greeks settled along the Mediterranean coast, and the Carthaginians would follow suit, occupying the Balearic Islands at the same time. By the 3rd century BC, under the leadership of General Hamilcar Barca, the Carthaginians set out to conquer most of the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearics, establishing Carthago Nova as their capital. The Roman victory over Hannibal Barca, son of Hamilcar, in the second Punic War (218-201 BC) led to the expulsion of the Carthaginians from Hispania. The Romans conquered the east and south of the country, but met strong resistance elsewhere, notably in the north. The fall of Numantia in 133 BC marked the end of organized resistance, and by the 1st century AD Roman control was virtually complete. With the exception of the Basques, the whole Iberian population would be romanized. Emperor Augustus finally brought the conquest of Hispania to an end in the year 9 AD. Cultural development in Hispania flourished under the Romans, as proven by some of the great artistic and architectural monuments such as those along the Silver Road or Camino de la Plata (one of the pilgrim routes from Seville to Santiago), and various aqueducts, theatres and circuses. Two Roman Emperors were actually Spanish, Trajan and Hadrian. Roman rule also brought political unity, law, and economic prosperity to Spain. On the religious front, Christianity was introduced between the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD, and coexisted with pagan rites. In a Roman epistle St Paul had expressed a wish to evangelize Spain and he is supposed to have visited the country with that purpose, while the apostle St James the Greater became the patron saint of the nation. Pagan and Christian literature in Latin were increasingly nourished by contributions from Spanish writers, including Seneca, Martial, and Quintilian. The decline of Rome began in the 3rd century AD, and over the next two hundred years Gothic peoples from the north gradually extended their realm across the Empire; Spain was invaded by the West Goths (Visigoths). Spanish Fashion Spanish FashionpThis section is dedicated to Spanish fashion, Spanish design and of course Spanish designers who made the Spanish fashion industry famous all around world. DeliciousPinterestStumbleUpon Read the Spanish version This section is dedicated to the Spanish fashion, Spanish design and of course Spanish designers who made the Spanish fashion industry famous all around world. Spanish fashion is a success all over the world. Spain is home to famous fashion designers, prestigious international fashion labels and some of the most sought after top models who have walked the catwalk in cities like Milan, London, New York and Paris. The Spanish fashion world, as frivolous as it may seem, is an industry worth billions that not only enables Spanish companies to make money but also serves to globally promote not only Spanish fashion but the country itself. In turn, this international exposure serves to further spread the use of the Spanish language. Madrid Fashion Week and the Gaudi Catwalk in Barcelona are both events that hold an important place in the global fashion scene. During these festivals Spanish fashion designers showcase their work by demonstrating the best Spanish fashion trends. These fashion shows compare to those of Paris and Milan. Espadrilles 'Alpargatas' EspadrillesAlpargatas shoes. Spanish alpargatas are often called espadrilles in English. This word originated from the Catalan word for Spanish shoes: espardenya. DeliciousPinterestStumbleUpon Read the Spanish version Spanish shoes known as alpargatas are often called espadrilles in English. This word came from French, which in turn originated from the Catalan word for Spanish shoes: espardenya. Espardenya is derived from the Catalan word espart, or esparto grass, which is a strong Mediterranean needle grass used to make rope and a variety of other Mediterranean crafts including alpargatas shoes. In fact, the characterizing feature of alpargatas shoes is that their flexible soles are made of woven rope made from natural fibers. These traditional Spanish folk shoes are flat with the body made of one piece of canvas which is then seamed to the rope sole on both sides. Often, laces are added to wrap around the ankles and secure the shoes in place. Sometimes alpargatas shoes are made in high-heel styles for women, such as the 3.5 inch black wedge alpargatas worn by Penelope Cruz in the 2006 Pedro Almódovar film Volver. Today, many imitations of traditional Spanish alpargatas can be found. Some are made with rubber soles that are designed to imitate the look of rope. Cotton fabric is also often used on the upper part and the shoes are now available in just about every color and style imaginable; from extreme bargains to high cost designer brands. Traditional alpargatas are still hand-made and mostly come from Spain, although stiff competition from Asian countries is becoming a challenge to the hand-made tradition. The origin of alpargata shoes is a topic of debate. It is said that they were inspired by Egyptian sandals to which a slipper was added in order to protect the feet from the sun. The oldest documented record of alpargatas found came from Chaco region of Argentina. However, the most widely accepted theory is that these traditional shoes came from the Pyrenees region between Spain and France, where they were first documented in 1322 and a large concentration of factories existed by 1911. These factories exported alpargata shoes to Latin America and throughout Spain and France. The shoes were mainly used by the peasant class and male mine and factory workers. These traditional men’s Spanish shoes are still available in a variety of men’s styles. Spanish alpargata shoes have grown tremendously in popularity since the 14th century and are still a very common sight during the summer months in Catalonia and the Basque Country regions of Spain. They are also still traditionally used in parts of France, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Colombia and Venezuela. Modern and designer styles of these traditional Spanish shoes can be found throughout the world. Welcome to the Virtual Museum of Don Quixote... Wishing to share his passion for Don Quixote with the whole world, Rene de Jong, director and founder of don Quijote, the market leader in Spanish immersion courses for foreigners, dreamed of creating a Virtual Quixote Museum. As a great admirer of "El Ingenioso Hidalgo de la Mancha", Rene de Jong started in 1991 a small collection that now boasts more than 350 objects of all sorts: from statues and paintings to menus, T Shirts and other things of daily life. With this museum he wishes to unite everything that has to do with Don Quixote and, at the same time, promote the diffusion of the Spanish language and culture. We hope you will enjoy this museum as much as we do and that you will leave us knowing more about this very special part of Spanish culture. Enjoy your visit, and please, come again. To navigate through the museum to the topics that interest you most, just use the main menu to the left. To take a tour through the latest additions to our virtual museum, visit What's New And don't forget that you are most welcome to send us any items you feel belong in our Museum - items of any kind representing Don Quixote. Click here to contribute a Quixote-related photo to our museum.